international personalities

one of the greatest personalities of the world was florence nightingale became famous by virtue of her service to humanity.florence nightingale was born in florence in italy in 1820.she was named at her birth place florence.she grew up and studied in england.from her very childhood she showed the tendency of service to others.she played with her dolls and toys was more interested in the service of the sick.when she grew up a little more,she attended to her sick neighbours.her mother prepared medicine which she took,rode her pony,visited them and distributed the medicine free of cost.her father was also pleased with her and encouraged her in work and taught her many practical things.when florence in the 1884 a.d  a war broke out between england ,france,and turkey on one side and the russia on the3 other side.it was called the crimean war which continued till1856.many soldier were killed and admitted to scutari hospital.the people in england were quite ignorant of the situation.when folorence read the report,she wrote to other nurses

national personalities

jayprithvi bhadur singh was a great son of our motherland nepal.he was a great patriot. the contributions he made    to the development of nepal and society can never be forgotten.though he is no more in world,he is always alive in our heart.jayprithvi bhadur singh was born at chainpur in bajhang district of seti zone on bhadra 7,1934 BS.he came of a royal family of bajhang.his father name was bikram bhadur singh and mother name was rudra kumari singh.they were the king and queen of bajhang.he was profoundly influenced by the religious activities of his father.his primary education was initiated at his royal palace.at the age of eight,he went to kathmandu for education.he studied at thapathali durbar primary school and durbar high school.he passed his matriculation examination from kolkata in 1951BS.then he was admitted to college at allahabad,where he studied for one year.jayprithvi bahadur singh was always concerned 

nationality

the world nationality is derived from nation.it means the state of being national.nationality is an abstract thing.it cannot be seen like a concrete things.but it is manifested by human character and behaviour.it has some fundamental characteristics.these characteristics come from the nations history,literature,art,customs manners and lifestyle.these characteristics come down from tradition.and to act according to these characteristics is nationality.nationality is above the interest of the individual and community narrows and limited thought are to be avoided.the identity of nationality changes according to the passage of time.what was true in the past may not be true in the present.nationality is a special kind of virtue.it can be maintained both in the native country as well as in the foreign country.if a man in foreign country uses his native clothing he is preserving his own nationality.a country may be defeated and occupied by another country but it nationality can remain alive if its people stay faithful to it if a nepali citizen acquires skills in a showing nationality.in the same way showing respect to the national emblems national glories is nationality.nationality is the life of of the citizen and society.nationality indicates the existence of people.nationality is the throb of human life symbol of intellectuality and expression of self esteem.

nation

we often hear three words:country state and nation.these three words seem to be alike.some times we use nation for country.but actually there are difference.a country is a geographical area identified by a name such as Nepal,china, India, Bhutan e.t.c. the state is a political organization of the area under an independent government.a nation is also a political unit and more formal than a state.it is not easy to answer the question "what is a nation"in a general sense nation means country or state but in fact nation is something more.like state nation has four elements population,territory,government and sovereignty in addition to these elements nations has some other specialties.the present interim constitution of Nepal defines the nations as the collective group of people.it defines nation as follow having common aspirations and united by a bond of allegiance to national independence and integrity of nepal the nepalese people with multi caste,multi llingaul,multi religious and multi cultural characteristics collectively make the nation.a nation has a long historical tradition,gradually developing civilization and a cultural background there may be several languages castes religious and creeds however there is unity in diversity and co-ordination among them.feeling of multual relationship and close contact blind the country and countrymen together.so nation is weightier than country and state.

democracy

the age we are living in is the age of democracy.the most popular and the most prevailing system of administration in the modern world is democracy.almost all the progressive countries of the world are adopting democratic pattern of government the world democracy is derived from two greek words;demos and kratia demos means pepole and kratia means power thus democracy means power of the people.when the supreme power of the states is in the hands of the called democracy.democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.it is a political organization in which public opinion has control over the government in the words of abraham lincoln the sixteenth president of the U.S.A 'democracy is a government of the people for the people and by the people it has been accepted as the best definition of democracy.nowdays democracy is used in a wide meaning.it is a form of government an organization of government controlled and conducted by people.the main aim of democracy is the welfare of all people.

festivals

we nepalese celebrated a number of festivals among them dashain,tihar,teej,loshar,buddhajayanti e.t.c are celebrated at national level and very famous.some festivals are observed in certain areas only and so they are regional festivals.for example chhath jurshital and jitiya are regional festivals observed in the terai only though due to migration they are celebrated now in kathamandu valley also similarly lhosar is observed mainly in the mountains ghodejatra occurs only in kathmandu.gauraparva is observed in the far west.festivals like jitiya and saptadora are performed by women only in the terai festivals like chitragupta pooja is performed only by kyastha.festivals also represent our culture.they are based on religion,social customs and hygiene festivals like dashain,krishnajayanti,janaipurnima,budddhajayanti,sarswatipooja e.t.c are religious festivals.marriage,bratabhanda e.t.c are social festivals.whatever the base festivals give us delight we forget the worries of life for the time being.they are means of recreation which we hardly have else how in our busy life.festivals are the occasion when we meet our friends and relatives in fact we enjoy festivals very much.

regilious

 the nepalese people are religious-minded and god-fearing.it is evident from the temples and monasteries found all over the country.they have been following one religion or another since the very beginning.during the kirant regin,they worshipped kiranteshwar mahadev.hinduism was introduced during the lichchhavi period.parallel to hinduism there was buddhism.the interim constitution of nepal 2063B.S.has recognized nepal as a secular state.we dont have any particular state religion.all religions are equally important.the civil and political programmes as well as the decisions of the goverment should not be influenced by any particular religion.there is freedom of religion in nepal.one can follow religion of one's faith.followers of each religion can celebrate their religious festivals and perform rites and rituals.there is no interference from the state.what is forbidden in the matter of religion is that there can be no forceful conversion from one religion to another religion.followers of all religions are equal in the eye of law.

culture

another common tradition of the nepalese is to show respect to parents,teachers and guests.every year we observe fathers day and mother day on which occasions children workship their parents.during pitripaksha,son perform tarpan offering water to their dead father,mother and force father similarly student workship show respect and give gifts to their teachers on the occasion of teachers day.welcoming guests,showing them hospitality  and giving them food and shelter is our tradition in addition to these common traditions,there are many social and religious coustoms which vary from place to place,community to community and family to family.for example ghodabheda is prevalent only in mugu district of karnali zone and not else where.dowry system practiced in the terai and hill has not reached the himalayan region similarly dekui ,pratha is found in seti an mahakali zones only .the way in which the marriage ceremony is performed in the mountains in different from that in terai.a number of such example can be given.our culture,lifestyle and customs are the outcomes of our community and family.though different places have different cultures,lifestyles and customs,we respect them all thinking that they are in our own country.the mixture of all these cultures,customs and traditions is our main identity and symbol of our unity.

languages

similary,nepal is a multilingual country.there are many languages and dialects spoken in the country.different communities use different languages.for example tamang speak tamang and newars speak newari the main languages of nepal are nepali,bhojpuri,maithili,tamang,awadhi magar and others.apart from these languages,we use english as an international languages that are spoken used as mother tongues.they are the means of communication in the community.some of these languages have rich literature.these languages have been recongnized as the national language by the constitution.nepal is the mother tongue of people of the mountains it is the state language of the country it is used in offical work.textbooks for student are written in nepali besides ,it is the linguafranca of nepali when two people unacquainted with each other meet they speak to one another in nepali.it is understood and spoken all over the country.it is one of our identities.it unites all the nepalese together.our country has been dividend into zones,districts for easy and effective administration but not on basics of language or caste as in india people of different language live together in our towns and village.

castes

nepalese society is composed of several castes which have influenced social life and customs of the people.in fact caste system is very very old coming down from the aryans.in ancient times.the aryans had divided the society into four divison:brahmin,kshetriya,vaishya,and shudra.each class had separate duty.this divison of society was followed in nepal as well:during the malla rule,king jayasthiti malla made further divison of the caste.many subcastes were created on the basis of occupation.some of them are kshetri,salmi,joshi bajaracharya,kayastha,halwali,chitrakar e.t.c.like occupation,clothes,house and social custom of each caste had also been determined by him.the result of caste system provied harmful.a wide gulf was created between castes.theres were feelings of high born and low born.the people of lower class were considered untouchable.to consolidate the society.discrimination on caste was declared a punishable offense by the muluki ain in 2020bs.now people of every caste are eligible for any profession and any post in the government.
how ever,the feeling of casteism still exists in the mind of the orthodox people.